HTML Theming

Overview

HTML documents rendered with Quarto use Bootstrap 5 by default. This can be disabled or customized via the theme option:

theme: default # bootstrap 5 default
theme: cosmo   # cosmo bootswatch theme
theme: pandoc  # pandoc default html treatment
theme: none    # no theme css added to document

Quarto includes 25 themes from the Bootswatch project (for example, the website uses the cosmo theme). Available themes include:

• default
• cerulean
• cosmo
• cyborg
• darkly
• flatly
• journal
• litera
• lumen
• lux
• materia
• minty
• morph
• pulse
• quartz
• sandstone
• simplex
• sketchy
• slate
• solar
• spacelab
• superhero
• united
• vapor
• yeti
• zephyr

Use of any of these themes via the theme option. For example:

format:
  html:
    theme: united

You can also customize these themes or create your own new themes. Learn how to do this below in Theme Options.

Basic Options

If you are using a Bootstrap theme or the Pandoc theme, there are a set of options you can provide in document metadata to customize its appearance. These include:

Option	Description
max-width	The maximum width occupied by page content. Defaults to 1400px for bootstrap themes and 36em for the pandoc theme.
mainfont	Sets the font-family property for the document.
fontsize	Sets the base CSS font-size for the document.
fontcolor	Sets the default text color for the document.
linkcolor	Sets the default text color for hyperlinks.
monofont	Sets the font-family property for <code> elements.
monobackgroundcolor	Sets the background-color property for <code> elements.
linestretch	Sets the CSS line-height property (affects distance between lines of text, defaults to 1.5).
backgroundcolor	Sets the background-color for the document.
margin-left, margin-right, margin-top, margin-bottom	Sets the CSS margin properties for the document body.

For example. here we set the font-size a bit larger and specify that we want a bit more space between lines of text:

title: "My Document"
format:
  html: 
    theme: cosmo
    fontsize: 1.1em
    linestretch: 1.7

Theme Options

You can do extensive customization of themes using Sass. Bootstrap defines over 1,400 Sass variables that control fonts, colors, padding, borders, and much more. You can see all of the variables here:

https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/main/scss/_variables.scss

Sass theme files can define both variables that globally set things like colors and fonts, as well as rules that define more fine grained behavior. To customize an existing Bootstrap theme with your own set of variables and/or rules, just provide the base theme and then your custom theme file(s):

theme:
  - cosmo
  - custom.scss

Your custom.scss file might look something like this:

/*-- scss:defaults --*/
$h2-font-size:          1.6rem !default;
$headings-font-weight:  500 !default;
$body-color:            $gray-700 !default;

/*-- scss:rules --*/
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
  text-shadow: -1px -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);
}

Note that the variables section is denoted by the /*-- scss:defaults --*/ comment and the rules section (where normal CSS rules go) is denoted by the /*-- scss:rules --*/ comment.

Custom Themes

You can naturally also create an entirely custom theme and provide only that (in this case you will inherit from the default Bootstrap theme):

theme: custom.scss

For example, here are the theme files for the 25 built-in Bootswatch themes:

https://github.com/quarto-dev/quarto-cli/tree/main/src/resources/formats/html/bootstrap/themes

You can read more about the custom theming design here.

Dark Mode

In addition to providing a single theme for your html output, you may also provide a light and dark theme. For example:

theme:
  light: flatly
  dark: darkly

Setting the above themes in your _quarto.yml results in both a dark and light version of your output being available. For example:

---

Flatly Themed Output

---

Darkly Themed Output

---

When providing both a dark and light mode for your html output, Quarto will automatically create a toggle to allow your reader to select the desired dark or light appearance. The toggle will automatically appear in the top right corner of your html output. When possible, the toggle will use browser local storage to maintain the user’s preference across sessions.

The first appearance (light or dark) elements in the theme to determine the default appearance for your html output. For example, since the light option appears first in the above example, a reader will see the light appearance by default.

Quarto will automatically select the appropriate light or dark version of the text highlighter that you have specified when possible. For more information, see Code Highlighting.

Customizing Themes

As when providing a single theme, you may provide a custom theme for dark and light mode, or a list of scss files to customize the light and dark appearance. This website, for example uses the following to use a light cosmo theme and then customizes the cosmo theme with additional Sass variables when in dark mode:

theme:
  light: cosmo
  dark: [cosmo, theme-dark.scss]

The contents of theme-dark.scss which is customizing the cosmo document appearance is:

/*-- scss:defaults --*/
// Base document colors
$body-bg: #181818;
$body-color: white;
$link-color: #75AADB;

// Code blocks
$code-block-bg-alpha: -.8;

For more information about available Sass variables, see HTML Customization Using Sass Variables.

Sass Variables

The following Sass Variables can be specified within SCSS files (note that these variables should always be prefixed with a $ and are specified within theme files rather than within YAML options):

Colors

Variable	Notes
$body-bg	The page background color.
$body-color	The page text color.
$link-color	The link color.
$input-bg	The background color for HTML inputs.
$popover-bg	The background color for popovers (for example, when a citation preview is shown).

Fonts

Variable	Notes
$font-family-sans-serif	The sans-serif font family for the page.
$font-family-monospace	The monospace font family for the page.
$font-size-root	The base font size for the page.
$toc-font-size	The font size for the page TOC.
$h1-font-size $h2-font-size $h3-font-size $h4-font-size $h5-font-size	Font sizes for the specified headings.

Code Blocks

Variable	Notes
$code-block-border-left	By default, Quarto does not display a left border on code blocks. Set this variable to a truthy value or a CSS color to enable the left border.
$code-block-border-left-style	The style of the left border displayed on code blocks. Defaults to solid.
$code-block-border-left-size	The thickness of the left border displayed on code blocks. Defaults to 3px;
$code-block-padding-left	The amount of padding applied between the code and the border. Defaults to 0.6em.
$code-block-bg	By default, Quarto sets a background on code blocks by adding transparency to the theme’s progress-bg color. Set this variable to truthy value or a CSS color.
$code-block-bg-padding	The padding applied to the code block. Defaults to 0.4em.
$code-block-bg-alpha	The amount to alter the transparency fo the progress-bg color. This is not used if an explicit background color is set. Defaults to -0.35.

Code Copy

You can also customize the colors of the button which appears for code-copy: true with the following variables:

Variable	Notes
$btn-code-copy-color	The color used for the copy button at the top right of code blocks.
$btn-code-copy-color-active	The hover color used for the copy button at the top right of code blocks.

Inline Code

Variable	Notes
$code-bg	The background color of inline code. Defaults to a mix between the body-bg and body-color.
$code-color	The text color of inline code. Defaults to a generated contrasting color against the code-bg.

Table of Contents

Variable	Notes
$toc-color	The color for table of contents text.
$toc-font-size	The font-size for table of contents text.
$toc-active-border	The left border color for the currently active table of contents item.
$toc-inactive-border	The left border colors for inactive table of contents items.

Layout

Variable	Notes
$content-padding-top	Padding that should appear before the main content area (including the sidebar, content, and TOC.

Navigation

Variable	Notes
$navbar-bg	The background color of the navbar. Defaults to the theme’s $primary color.
$navbar-fg	The color of foreground elements (text and navigation) on the navbar. If not specified, a contrasting color is automatically computed.
$navbar-hl	The highlight color for links in the navbar. If not specified, the $link-color is used or a contrasting color is automatically computed.
$sidebar-bg	The background color for a sidebar. Defaults to $light except when a navbar is present or when the style is floating. In that case it defaults to the $body-bg color.
$sidebar-fg	The color of foreground elements (text and navigation) on the sidebar. If not specified, a contrasting color is automatically computed.
$sidebar-hl	The highlight color for links in the sidebar. If not specified, the $link-color is used.
$footer-bg	The background color for the footer. Defaults to the $body-bg color.
$footer-fg	The color of foreground elements (text and navigation) on the footer. If not specified, a contrasting color is automatically computed.

Callouts

Variable	Notes
$callout-border-width	The left border width of callouts. Defaults to 5px.
$callout-border-scale	The border color of callouts computed by shifting the callout color by this amount. Defaults to 0%.
$callout-icon-scale	The color of the callout icon computed by shifting the callout color by this amount. Defaults to 10%.
$callout-margin-top	The amount of top margin on the callout. Defaults to 1.25rem.
$callout-margin-bottom	The amount of bottom margin on the callout. Defaults to 1.25rem.
$callout-color-<type>	The colors for the various types of callouts. Defaults: type default note $blue tip $green caution $orange warning $yellow important $red

In addition to the above Sass variables, Bootstrap itself supports hundreds of additional variables. You can learn more about Bootstrap’s use of Sass variables or review the raw variables and their default values.